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| CASE REPORT |
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| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 2 | Page : 151-153 |
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Tuberculosis peritonitis with features of acute abdomen in HIV infection
Keivan Sabooni1, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi2, Hossein Pirmohammad2, Shahla Afrasiabian1, Niloofar Moghbel1, Ehsan Shahverdi2, Mohammad Amin Konjedi2, Ashkan Shahverdi2
1 Kordestan University of Medical Sciences, Kordestan, Iran
2 Students' Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| Date of Web Publication | 22-Feb-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Ehsan Shahverdi
Students' Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Mollasadra St., Vanaq Sq., Tehran
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.02.004
This case report introduces a 26-year-old male IV drug abuser with fever, abdominal pain and distension referred to the emergency ward. According to these findings, abdominal tenderness and involuntary guarding, an explorative laparotomy was performed. Multiple biopsies of omentum, peritoneum and liver were taken. Pathologic assessment of multiple biopsies confirmed intra-abdominal TB infection.
Keywords: TB, Tuberculosis peritonitis, Acute abdomen, HIV infection
How to cite this article:
Sabooni K, Khosravi MH, Pirmohammad H, Afrasiabian S, Moghbel N, Shahverdi E, Konjedi MA, Shahverdi A. Tuberculosis peritonitis with features of acute abdomen in HIV infection. Int J Mycobacteriol 2015;4:151-3 |
How to cite this URL:
Sabooni K, Khosravi MH, Pirmohammad H, Afrasiabian S, Moghbel N, Shahverdi E, Konjedi MA, Shahverdi A. Tuberculosis peritonitis with features of acute abdomen in HIV infection. Int J Mycobacteriol [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Mar 30];4:151-3. Available from: https://www.ijmyco.org/text.asp?2015/4/2/151/200727 |
| Case report | |  |
A 26-year-old male patient from Sanandaj, Iran, was admitted to emergency of Besat Hospital because of fever, abdominal pain and also obstruction symptoms. Abdominal pain was generalized and had a progressive nature with no dispersion. The patient's problem started about 2 days prior to admission and symptoms increased gradually. The patient had nausea and vomiting and a complaint of not having defecated for 12 h prior to admission. The patient did not complain of breathing difficulties. On physical examination, the patient was critically ill.
At admission, vital signs were as follows: temperature 40 °C, pulse 112 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 23 breaths per minute and blood pressure 120/70 mmHg. Head and neck examination showed bilateral anterior cervical lymph nodes. Examination of the heart and lungs were normal. During abdominal examination, the abdomen was distended with involuntary guarding and generalized tenderness, but there was no evidence of ascites or organomegaly. Decreased bowel sounds were heard.
Initial testing of the patient were as follows: WBC = 4900/mm3, Hb = 8.0g/dl, HCT = 22.1%, Plt = 217,000/mm3, PT = 13s, INR = 1.1IU, BS = 80 mg/dl, BUn = 14 mg/dl, Cr = 1 mg/dl, Na = 120 meq/l, K = 4.9 meq/l. The chest radiograph on admission showed no pathologic findings. In ultrasound, liver was normal and intrahepatic bile ducts were not dilated. The diameter of the common bile duct (CBD) was equal to 10 mm and portal vein diameter was normal. Pancreatic head was larger than normal, but had a uniform enhancement. Bowel loops were not dilated and several lymph nodes were seen in Para aorta. The patient was admitted due to diagnosis of acute peritonitis and obstruction and underwent the first treatments which included fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy by ceftriaxone and metronidazole. Thereafter an emergency laparotomy was performed with the following findings:
The patient underwent midline laparotomy that following entry into the abdomen, a small amount of free intra-peritoneal fluid was observed ([Figure 1]). All loops of the small intestine, colon, omentum, liver, and spleen were fully adhered by a thick layer of adhesive bonds and diffuse seeding on the peritoneum was observed ([Figure 2]). Due to the high clinical suspicion of peritoneal tuberculosis (TB), after removing adhesions and repairing the abdominal wall, the peritoneal, omental and hepatic biopsies were taken and submitted for TB smear. | Figure 1: Midline laparotomy with small amount of free intra-peritoneal fluid.
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Pathology reported the omental biopsies with evidence of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and acid-fast bacilli (AFB), compatible with TB infection ([Figure 3]), while biopsy of the liver reported no evidence of such. No signs of other organ involvement by TB infection were determined. The patient was treated according to a diagnosis of diffuse abdominal TB with standard quadruple: Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Rifampin, and Isoniazid by 25, 15, 10 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. | Figure 3: Pathologic slide of peritoneal biopsy compatible with tuberculosis.
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Subsequent laboratory test results are as follows: AST = 99IU/l, ALT = 37u/l, LDH = 564IU/l, ALK-P = 1010, TIBC = 325, Fe = 65, ESR = 65 1 h, CRP = 57, RF = negative, Alb = 2.2g/l, Total protein = 8.3g/l, HIV Ab ELISA = +, HIV western blot: +, HCV Ab = −, HBs Ag = − HBs Ab = −, Abdominal fluid ADA = 99u/l (NL≤35).
After 6 months, the patient's general condition was evaluated; a good and excellent response to the anti-TB treatment was reported.
| Discussion | | |
Abdominal TB, as the most common form of extra-pulmonary TB [1], involves the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, omentum, mesentery and its lymph nodes, as well as other abdominal solid organs such as the liver, spleen and pancreas.
Pleural effusion, peritonitis and meningitis occur in 75% of patients with disseminated TB. Cirrhosis, malignancy, pregnancy, childbirth, rheumatic diseases and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs are the predisposing factors [2].
Borhanmanesh et al. assessed TB peritonitis of 183 patients in a 40-year study. The most common symptoms were abdominal distension, weight loss, fever, abdominal pain and abdominal mass. Tuberculin test was positive in 85% of patients. They had a mean ESR of 67.7 and 23% had an ESR of more than 100. Most (81.9%) of them had exudative ascites with lymphocyte predominance of more than 90%, while 23.3% of patients had bloody ascites. Based on this study, for most patients, a definitive diagnosis was provided by laparoscopy or laparotomy [3].
In this study, 45 patients were wrongly diagnosed to have a tumor when several big lesions were observed during the operation involving the small intestine, peritoneum and lymph nodes. The tumor diagnosis was rejected, and the diagnosis was confirmed by the observation of the histopathological lesions after surgery [3].
Islam et al. mentioned that nearly 80% of patients with TB infection in Africa are HIV-positive and that these patients are more likely to have extra-pulmonary TB [4]. Abdominal TB is in sixth place for extra-pulmonary TB in the range of 11–16% [5].
Laparoscopic and direct peritoneal biopsy, due to low morbidity and accurate diagnosis, are the preferred methods for the diagnosis of TB peritonitis [6].
Given the diverse morphology of the disease, no surgical procedures can be regarded as standard, thus methods of surgery are designed according to the findings during operation and the patient's condition.
This case underwent midline laparotomy due to diagnosis of acute peritonitis and obstruction based on fever and abdominal pain with symptoms of obstruction (nausea and vomiting and not having defecated from 12 h prior to admission). According to seeding and generalized abdominal adhesions, the presumptive diagnosis of TB peritonitis was made. The pathological findings confirmed it as well. Having unspecific symptoms and manifestations, the diagnosis of TB peritonitis should be considered in all patients with predisposing risk factors for pulmonary TB with fever, abdominal pain and anemia. HIV testing is also recommended in patients with suspected pulmonary TB.
In all cases of TB, appropriate treatment results in complete remission, and the prognosis is excellent [7].
| Ethical issue | | |
The authors were allowed by the patient to release his medical and disease-related information, keeping his identity anonymous.
The authors hereby license to the International Journal of Mycobacteriology the irrevocable, nonexclusive, and royalty-free right to publish this article in any format, including electronic and print media.
| Conflicts of interest | | |
None declared.
| References | | |
| 1. | S.K. Sharma, R. Solanki, A. Mohan, N.K. Jain, L.S. Chauhan, Outcomes of category III DOTS treatment in immunocompetent patients with tuberculosis pleural effusion, Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 16 (11) (2012 Nov) 1505–1509.  |
| 2. | E. Young, G. Mandell, J. Bennett, R. Dolin, Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, fifth ed., Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York, 2000. |
| 3. | F. Borhanmanesh, K. Hekmat, K. Vaezzadeh, H.R. Rezai, Tuberculous peritonitis prospective study of 32 cases in Iran, Ann. Intern. Med. 76 (4) (1972) 567–572. |
| 4. | J. Islam, D.L. Clarke, S.R. Thomson, Lessons from emergency laparotomy for abdominal tuberculosis in the HIV/AIDS era, South Afr. J. Surg. 52 (2014) 10–12. |
| 5. | R. Khan, S. Abid, W. Jafri, Z. Abbas, K. Hameed, Z. Ahmad, Diagnostic dilemma of abdominal tuberculosis in non-HIV patients: an ongoing challenge for physicians, World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (39) (2006) 6371–6375. |
| 6. | S. McLaughlin, T. Jones, M. Pitcher, P. Evans, Laparoscopic diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis, Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 68 (8)(1998) 599–601. |
| 7. | W.I. Onuigbo, Tuberculous peritonitis in Nigerian Igbos, Tubercle 58 (2) (1977) 113–115. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
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